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 OFFLINE | Here is an article I found that was published in the scholarly journal Folklore. Sorry for the rough formatting, its copy and pasted from a .pdf.
The Krampus in Styria
by MAURICE BRUCE
Folklore, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Mar., 1958), pp. 45-47
SAINT Nicholas' Eve - the fifth of December - is celebrated in the
Styrian valleys of Austria with performances of the 'Nikolospiel'. The
white-bearded Saint Nikolaus, dressed in splendid robes and complete
with mitre and crosier, enters each house in order to fill the childrens'
shoes with small gifts.
Behind the good saint hovers the black, shaggy, goat-horned figure of
the Krampus. Cloven hooves and a long tail are conspicuous features of
this roaring, prancing Satyr who rattles the chains that hang from his
wrists, and brandishes a bundle of birch-twigs which he wields with
more energy than discrimination.
Although he is 'officially' the servant of Nikolaus, the Krampus does
much as he likes and always succeeds in 'stealing the show'. His habit of
throwing naughty children into the wooden tub which hangs at his back,
and thence into the nearest stream, earns him a deep respect. It is usually
the strongest of the village youths who compete for the honour of 'playing
the Devil' for, under the anonymity of the horned mask with its
lolling tongue, many an old score may be settled and many a prank
played.
The Krampus is known by many names in Styria, 'Bartl', 'Niglobartl',
'Wubartl', and sometimes 'Klaubauf', but, whatever his name,
there seems to be little doubt as to his true identity for, in no other form
is the full regalia of the Horned God of the Witches so well preserved.
The birch - apart from its phallic significance - may have a connection
with the initiation rites of certain witch-covens; rites which entailed
binding and scourging as a form of mock-death. The chains could have
been introduced in a Christian attempt to 'bind the Devil' but again
they could be a remnant of pagan initiation rites.
The 'Krampuskarten't, hose greetings cards which are exchangedi n
Austria on St Nicholas' Day, vary like our own Valentine Cards from
the serious to the coarsely humorous. The verses stress the importance
of good behaviour if one hopes to receive a gift from Nikolaus - and
escape the attentions of Krampus.
FiUr's Schlimme gibt's vom Krampus Strafe,
St Nikolaus belohnt das Brave.'
or,
St Nikolaus schickt Dir die Schuh',
Krampus liszt Dich heut in Ruh'!
WEILST BRAV WARST!2
The Mariazell district has a St Nicholas' Day practice called 'Schifferlsetzen'.
The children make small boats of paper or wood and, quietly
and secretly, leave them where parents and friends may find them and
fill them with good things. Once filled the ships are just as quietly removed
by their owners, the more enterprising of whom may have whole
fleets 'at sea'.
Each ship has a flag with the owners name and a verse written on it.
O heiliger Sankt Nikolaus,
ich fahr' mit meinem Schifferl aus.
Hier setz' ich jetzt mein Schifferl nieder,
die Frau da ist ja gar nicht z'wider,
der Herr, der ist ein guter Mann,
der fiillt mir g'wisz mein Schifferl an.3
Another verse in the Styrian dialect contains a reference to the 'Ruten',
the birch carried by Krampus. Small gold-painted birch bundles are
often presented by Krampus to each family. The birches are hung on a
wall as a form of decoration and seem to be renewed each year particularly
in those houses where the behaviour of the children merits the
application of corporal correction.
Mei liabe Frau Mutter, i hitt' a Gebitt,
i setz' da das Schifferl, verwirf mir es nit.
I bin ja glei z'frieden, es braucht nit viel sein,
a Nuss'n und a Ruten wird hdiufi' g'nug sein.4
The 'Nikolospiel' takes on a more highly developed dramatic form in
the district of Mariazell. The players include the 'Schabminner' covered
completely with their mantles of straw and wearing huge antlers. Each
one carries a long whip which he cracks loudly as the procession moves
from one 'Gasthaus' to the next. Even in this elaborate form of the
'Nikolospiel' with 'Rauhen' (demons of darkness), 'Schabminner', and
the inevitable 'Habergeisz', it is still the Krampus who plays, or rather
steals the leading role.
Unlike the 'Black Peter' of Holland, the Styrian Krampus has lost
none of his pagan wildness. He is still the Black He-Goat of the Witches
- the anonymous Grand Master leaping and roaring in an ecstasy of
Divine possession.
On the outskirts of Graz, Leoben, and Bruck an der Mur he is still to
be seen at his wildest and best - 'schwoarz und zottat wiar a recht a
wilda Bir'5 - a terrifying, elemental figure beside the pale form of the
gentle Nikolaus who, after all, is but a Bishop and in spite of his ecclesiastical
Authority cannot outshine the God.
1 'The Krampus punishes the wicked,
St Nicholas rewards the good.'
2 St Nicholas sends you shoes,
The Krampus leaves you in peace today!
BECAUSE YOU HAVE BEEN GOOD!'
Chocolateb oots are a favouritef orm of present for St Nicholas' Day.
3 'Oh Holy St Nicholas,
I set sail with my little ship.
Here I drop anchor,
Where the Mistress is not contrary,
And the Master is a kind man,
Who will certainly fill my little ship.'
4'Dear Mother of mine, hear my wish,
My little ship is anchored, please do not scorn it.
I am easily satisfied and don't ask for much,
Some nuts and a birch will be quite enough.'
5 'black and shaggy like a great wild bear'. |